Preoperative investigations included routine blood tests, neoplastic markers (carcinoembryonic antigen, О±-fetoprotein, cancer antigen 19-9), chest X-ray, abdominal ultrasound, computed tomography, or magnetic resonance imaging. TLPD had a statistically higher cost for both surgery (24732.13 В± 929.28 RMB vs 19317.53 В± 795.94 RMB, P < 0.001) and anesthesia (6192.37 В± 272.77 RMB vs 5184.10 В± 146.93 RMB, P < 0.001), but a reduced cost for admission examination (50392.93 В± 1761.22 RMB vs 53931.60 В± 5556.94 RMB, P < 0.05).Д¬ONCLUSION: TLPD is safe when performed by experienced pancreatobiliary surgeons during the initial learning curve, but has a higher cost than open pancreaticoduodenectomy. A significant difference in the total cost was found between the two groups (TLPD 81317.43 В± 2027.60 RMB vs laparotomy 78433.23 В± 5788.12 RMB, P < 0.05). Patients in the TLPD group recovered more quickly and required a shorter hospital stay after surgery (9.97 В± 3.74 d vs 11.87 В± 4.72 d, P < 0.05). No differences in surgery-related morbidities and mortality were observed between the two groups. The mean visual analogue score on postoperative day 4 was less in the TLPD group (3.5 В± 9.7 vs 4.47 В± 1.11, P < 0.05). The TLPD group had significantly fewer mean numbers of days until bowel sounds returned (2.03 В± 0.55 d vs 3.83 В± 0.59 d, P < 0.001) and exhaustion (4.17 В± 0.75 d vs 5.37 В± 0.81 d, P < 0.001). Demographic and comorbidity characteristics of the two groups were similar. RESULTS: A total of 60 patients, including 30 consecutive laparoscopic cases and 30 consecutive open cases, were enrolled for review. The total costs consisted of cost of surgery, anesthesia, and admission examination. Complications related to surgery included pneumonia, intra-abdominal abscess, postpancreatectomy hemorrhage, biliary leak, pancreatic fistula, delayed gastric emptying, and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. Postoperative data on intestinal movement, pain score, mortality, complications, and costs were obtained for analysis.

Preoperative demographic and comorbidity data were obtained. Laparoscopic patients with conversion to open surgery were excluded. The experiences of the initial 15 consecutive TLPD cases, considered as the initial learning curve of each surgeon, were compared with the same number of consecutive laparotomy cases with the same spectrum of diseases in terms of outcome and costs.

METHODS: This is a retrospective review of the consecutive patients who underwent TLPD between December 2009 and April 2014 at our institution. AIM: To compare laparoscopic pancreaticoduodenectomy (TLPD) during the initial learning curve with open pancreaticoduodenectomy in terms of outcome and costs.

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